This article first appeared in the November 2018 print edition of Catholic Family News (click HERE to subscribe; current subscribers can access the E-Edition HERE).
With each passing week bringing new grand jury or attorney general investigations into the pervasive clerical abuse crisis, some Catholics have wondered about the proper relationship between the Church and civil authorities on this matter. Some rightly point out that St. Thomas Becket was murdered in the 12th century for holding fast to the principle that the Church should be free to try her clerics accused of crimes in ecclesiastical courts. On the other hand, many have lauded the civil investigations as a means of exposing the corruption that has been both fostered and covered up by clerics in power. How do we reconcile the courageous stand of St. Thomas Becket and the perceived good of using the civil power to bring abusive clerics to justice?
Church and State are Distinct, But Should Cooperate
First, it must be understood that the Church has always taught that the Church and civil government represent distinct powers. This doctrine was metaphorically referred to as the two swords of secular and ecclesiastical power. Although distinct, the jurisdiction of the two powers was not wholly separate as they both pertain to the same individual people. Thus, throughout Church history complex and interlocking systems of civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction developed. Some matters were capable of being brought in either forum, while others had a proper focus in one or the other. St. Thomas Becket’s stand was on the principle that the Church always has primary jurisdiction over her clerics who are bound to the ecclesiastical community in a particular way. The civil power cannot simply seize a cleric and subject him to civil trial on its own without the consent of the Church. This principle was meant to protect her sacred ministers from mob vigilantism and unfair accusations and to ensure a fair trial. It also related to the ancient legal tradition, embodied in the Magna Carta, that an accused should be tried by his peers. Clerics, therefore, should be tried by their fellow clerics.
St. Pius V, Model Reformer
Nevertheless, at times the Church has authorized civil authorities to take the lead. This could be done when, for practical reasons, the Church could not fully address a problem or in cases in which the civil law was in a better posture to fight against an abuse. It is in such a context that the true reformer Pope, St. Pius V (r. 1566-1572), issued his bull Horrendum Illud Scelus. God raised up this saintly Pontiff to reform a horribly corrupt hierarchy which had been misled by the worst of the so-called “Renaissance Popes” (c. early 1400s to mid-1500s), whose corruption became a source of scandal that fueled the growth of Protestantism. In this bull, the Pope addresses crimes very similar to those at the heart of the current abuse crisis. He decrees that those found guilty of this sin be stripped of clerical rank and handed over to the civil authorities to be punished in the same way the laity would be for the same crime. Pope St. Pius V decreed this universal consequence not only due to the seriousness of the abuse he wished to root out of the clergy, but also because he was concerned that due to the corruption eating away at the Church, the ecclesiastical courts may not have been as effective to combat this problem.
Leaping ahead over 500 years to our time, it would seem that the present crisis calls for a similar measure. The widespread and protected abuse of the past decades since the start of Vatican II has given great scandal to the Church and driven many souls from her loving care. Also, if anyone had any doubt about the ability of the ecclesiastical government to effectively uproot this abuse, the revelations of Archbishop Viganò and the various grand jury reports leave no doubt that the corruption of the Church’s human element runs so deep that the government of the Church cannot effectively deal with the crisis. After decades of covering up and enabling abuse, it is reasonable to conclude that the current members of the hierarchy cannot be trusted to bring justice to these cases.
Problems with New Code of Canon Law
Beyond this concern, the radical changes to canon law promulgated in the New Code of Canon Law (1983) by Pope John Paul II make it extremely difficult for bishops who want to bring justice to do so effectively. The new code overturned centuries of ecclesiastical law and procedure, favoring administrative actions outside of tribunals, which enables bishops to cover up abuse through administrative actions. In addition, the new code is replete with exceptions and ambiguities that make the use of legal tribunals and the punishment of crimes (delicts) extremely rare. The late Cardinal Francis George, once speaking during a legal conference in Chicago, admitted that the new code made the Church ungovernable. Thus, not only does the new code enable corrupt bishops who sought to cover up and hide these crimes by administrative actions that usually resulted in transfers, but it makes it extremely difficult for the Church to actually punish abusive clerics.
In light of the foregoing, turning over corrupt clerics to the civil authorities may appear prudent in most countries. The counterbalancing concern is that the civil justice system in a particular country will actually accord (de jure and de facto) real procedural safeguards that the cleric will receive a fair adjudication and not be treated as guilty until proven innocent. This involves both the formal legal system maintaining procedural safeguards for all and particular safeguards to contain any anti-clerical bias by those deciding guilt or innocence. In many parts of the world, such as China, Pakistan, or Vietnam, the Church may not be able to conclude that clerics would be treated justly in any civil proceeding.
Solution to Current Crisis
Beyond the foregoing considerations, one thing is clear: The only way the human element of the Church will ever overcome this grave crisis is through the leadership of a strong and holy pontiff who first makes clear all that has been obscured regarding the Church’s moral teaching and the objective obligations of the natural law and the existence of intrinsically evil acts. Although periods of corruption and abuse have always existed to a certain extent, the weakening of absolute moral norms and the favoring of subjective exceptionalism and excuse making clearly does not help combat abuse. In addition, such a pope must take clear and stern action to reform Church law and courts or defrock and hand over the guilty to the civil power as St. Pius V did so bravely and forcefully in his reform. Certainly, a long-lasting restoration of Catholic belief and discipline will require the commitment of all Catholics, clerical and lay alike. Yet, such restoration will not be possible without the leadership of the visible head of the Church on earth, the Vicar of Christ.
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